OVERVIEW

Access to justiceAccessible justice systems – both formal and informal – ensure that individuals and communities with legal needs know where to go for help, obtain the help they need, and move through a system tha... More is more than just access to lawyers or courts. It is a component of the rule of law, which at its core allows that individuals and communities with legal needs know where to go for help, can obtain the help they need, and can move through a system that offers procedural, substantive, and expeditious justiceTo address barriers that prevent citizens from having their justice needs met, OGP participating governments are working to expand transparency, accountability, and inclusion into all systems of justi.... While a person might resolve their legal needs without a clear understanding of the law and legal institutions, it is far better to empower individuals and communities to participate actively in resolving their legal problems, including instances of collective injustices or structural inequalities.

Legal aidMore and better information about aid helps partner countries and donor institutions plan and manage aid resources more effectively, parliaments and civil society to hold governments accountable for t... is a critical component to ensuring access to justice. Indeed, it is a human right in the criminal context and a component of the fundamental right to a fair trial as recognized in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Whether in the criminal or civil justice system, legal aid for individuals with limited means or who are in vulnerable situations is critical to achieving fair and just outcomes. Legal aid can ensure that justice systems are accountable and safeguard the rights of individuals.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENTS

• Legal aid authority: Create an independent legal aid authority that can establish, fund, staff, regulate, and evaluate the legal aid scheme. Consider a multi-stakeholder approach to join legal professionals with community representatives.
• Legal aid expansion: Expand access to civil and criminal legal aid to improve people’s ability to pursue necessary legal action, thus increasing accountability in the justice system. This may include expanding the provision of legal aid to respond to those legal problems for which demand surpasses the existing legal assistance that is available. This might entail increased funding or  problems that might not have adequate funding or expanding partnerships with CSOs to respond to the need.
• Programs for underserved communities: Increase funding to existing legal aid services and establish new offices and services to reach isolated or underserved communities. Make budgets (and outcomes) transparent down to the program level.
• Cooperation to address legal needs: Protect and deepen civil society partnerships, especially with civil legal aid providers. Launch working groups of government and civil society members to identify legal reforms to improve legal assistance and the courts.
• Targeted partnerships: Strengthen and institutionalize partnerships between CSOs and law enforcement, when appropriate, to better serve underserved communities and populations like victims of gender-based violenceReforms that combat gender-based violence are essential for fostering an inclusive society and government that respects human rights and promotes gender equality. Technical specifications: Commitments....
• Legal aid funding: Expand and diversify financing for legal assistance at national and subnational levels. This might include public sector partnerships to shore up justice interventions securing basic needs like housing, employment, and access to public services.
• Pro bono services: Revise regulations in the legal field to support private sectorGovernments are working to open private sector practices as well — including through beneficial ownership transparency, open contracting, and regulating environmental standards. Technical specificat... lawyers’ provision of services to low-income and vulnerable individuals for free (i.e., pro bono) where legal aid is not provided as a right.
• Law clinics: Revise legal profession regulations to enable law students under the supervision of licensed attorneys to provide legal services to low-income and underserved individuals through law school clinics or with civil society organizations.
• Training of legal professionals: Fund and launch training programs for legal aid lawyers, paralegals, and pro bono volunteers to improve their legal skills and knowledge in legal areas impacting low-income and underserved individuals.

RELEVANT ACTIONS

Indonesia Improves the Availability and Quality of Legal Aid

The Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (ILAF) has been providing legal aid in Jakarta since the 1970s. Their services increased dramatically in the 1980s with assisting clients who were not only poor, but also marginalized and oppressed. The ILAF’s services include litigation, educationAccountability within the public education system is key to improving outcomes and attainment, and accountability is nearly impossible without transparent policies and opportunities for participation ... and empowerment of community members, research, and policy advocacy. In recent years, ILAF has received support from the Open Society Foundations to enhance its provision of legal aid. In 2018, Indonesia committed to creating regulations that guarantee funding for legal aid organizations, allowing them to expand their reach to more remote and impoverished communities while simultaneously strengthening the awareness and legal capacity of individuals who are poor and marginalized.

Diversifying Funding for Legal Aid in the U.S.

On the eve of adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in September 2015, the United States formally launched a federal interagency effort to integrate civil legal aid into executive branch-led efforts that promote access to health and housing, education and employment, family stability, and public safety. The White House Legal Aid Interagency Roundtable (LAIR) brings over 20 federal agencies together to identify ways in which civil legal aid can advance federal priorities through four primary strategies: leveraging federal resources to strengthen civil legal aid, facilitating strategic collaboration between civil legal aid and law enforcement, developing policy recommendations that improve access to justice, and advancing evidence-based research, data collection, and analysis of access to justice interventions. This activity, which enhances government transparencyAccording to OGP’s Articles of Governance, transparency occurs when “government-held information (including on activities and decisions) is open, comprehensive, timely, freely available to the pub... More and civil society participation, was included as an OGP commitmentOGP commitments are promises for reform co-created by governments and civil society and submitted as part of an action plan. Commitments typically include a description of the problem, concrete action... in the U.S. Third National Action PlanAction plans are at the core of a government’s participation in OGP. They are the product of a co-creation process in which government and civil society jointly develop commitments to open governmen.... Importantly, LAIR agencies have worked across different presidential administrations to connect civil legal aid to each administration’s priorities.

INTERNATIONAL NORMS AND GUIDANCE

United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems

In December 2012, the United Nations General Assembly adopted 14 principles and 18 guidelines to guide countries on the components of strong legal aid programs in the criminal justice context. While the Principles and Guidelines recognize that, “states employ different models for the provision of legal aid,” they can be effective tools in strengthening and growing existing criminal legal aid systems throughout the world. Since their adoption, the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice has encouraged governments to strengthen the provision of criminal legal aid. The 14 principles include:

• The right to legal aid provided by the state for victims, witnesses, and persons suspected of or charged with a criminal offence;
• The importance of administering a legal aid scheme that is free from discrimination, prompt, and effective;
• The obligation to inform the criminally accused of their right to legal aid and provide remedies and safeguards in the provision of legal aid; and
• The requirement for the legal aid function be independent, protected, competent, and accountable.

The 18 guidelines provide more detail on these principles such as how legal aid should be provided and how countries can establish, fund, staff, and regulate legal aid schemes, including partnering with non-state legal aid providers.

OGP COMMITMENTS IN THIS AREA

1. Burkina Faso (2017–2019): The Ministry of Justice committed to increasing the quantity of legal aid.
2. Colombia (2015–2017): Colombia launched a web portal and mobile application called LegalApp to facilitate public access to information on justice services.
3. Indonesia (2018–2020): Indonesia committed to increasing the availability and quality of legal aid.
4. Israel (2017–2019): The commitment introduced free, remote access to the court.net system for citizens and attorneys to increase access to information about court processes and services.
5. North Macedonia (2018–2020): The Ministry of Labor will establish four access to justice centers to provide free legal aid to marginalized communities.
6. South Africa (2016–2018): South Africa integrated and strengthened Community Advice Offices as a grassroots and permanent part of the wider justice system.
7. United States (2015–2016): The United States diversified funding for legal aid and institutionalized the The White House Legal Aid Interagency Roundtable.

RESOURCES AND PARTNERS

Resources

• Open Government Partnership Justice Policy Series, Part 1: Access to Justice (Sept. 2019)
• The International Legal Foundation’s 2016 Report Measuring Justice provides recommendations for defining and evaluating criminal legal aid programs
• Pathfinder’s Justice for All 2019 report
• World Justice Project’s 2019 Global Insights on Access to Justice report and interactive portal
• United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems and the Office on Drugs and Crime 2016 Global Study on Legal Aid

Organizations

• Namati
• National Legal Aid and Defender Association (United States)
• Open Society Justice Initiative
• Pathfinders for Peaceful, Just and Inclusive Societies
• Penal Reform International
• The International Legal Foundation
• World Justice Project

Featured Photo Credit: Aubrey Wade/Namati